/s/, /ʃ/, /z/ and /ɪz/

I. Pronunciation of -s and -es in verbs/nouns:

+ Pronounce as /s/: verbs ending with /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/, /θ/

(Thần chú: Phải kêu phở tái thử)

Example: stuffs, looks, stops, crafts, paths

laughs, coughs

+ Pronounce as /ɪz/: verbs ending with -se, -ss, -ce, -z, -x, -sh, -ch, -ge

(Thần chú: Sáng sớm Cường zật xe SH chở gệ)

Example: bases, fusses, faces, buzzes, fixes, washes, catches, changes

+ Pronounce as /z/: others

Example: runs, climbs, whispers, stays, pretends, ...

II. /s/ vs /ʃ/

We usually pronounced /s/ in c-, s-, sc-, ps-, -ce, -se, -s, -ss, -x	We usually pronounced /ʃ/ in -sh, -ss, -tio, -tia, -tie, -ci
across, business, kiss, process celebrate, citizen, century, accent experience, place, service, once base, house, increase, course bus, previous, various, basis scene, scenario context, expect, taxi psychology, pseudo-name	pressure, tissue, discussion, mission efficient, musician, special wash, shift, shoulder, establish action, condition, education essential, potential, initial patience
Other cases: society	Other cases: ocean, sugar, sure, anxious, machine

There are cases where “s” or “x” is pronounced as /z/

• as, busy, desire, disease, museum, music, pleasant, present, position

• because, cause, cheese, choose, lose, pause, please, raise, compose, comprise, house (v)

• anxiety, exactly, exam, exist